• 목록
• 답변
• 글쓰기
• 게시판 리스트 옵션
  • 수정
  • 삭제

What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes that organisms go through can lead them to evolve over time. This includes the emergence and development of new species.

This is evident in numerous examples of stickleback fish species that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that prefer particular host plants. These typically reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to the basic body plan.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The evolution of the myriad living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has fascinated scientists for many centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selectivity is the best-established explanation. This is because people who are more well-adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. As time passes, the number of well-adapted individuals becomes larger and eventually creates an entirely new species.

Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of three factors that are: reproduction, variation and inheritance. Sexual reproduction and mutations increase genetic diversity in a species. Inheritance refers the transmission of genetic traits, which include both dominant and recessive genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring which includes both sexual and asexual methods.

All of these elements must be in harmony for natural selection to occur. If, for example an allele of a dominant gene makes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene then the dominant allele is more prevalent in a population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or lowers the fertility of the population, it will disappear. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive trait. The higher the level of fitness an organism has as measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive, is the more offspring it produces. Individuals with favorable traits, like having a longer neck in giraffes or bright white colors in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and have offspring, and thus will become the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection is a factor in populations and not on individuals. This is a major 에볼루션 블랙잭 슬롯 (click here now) distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which claims that animals acquire characteristics through use or neglect. If a giraffe stretches its neck to reach prey and its neck gets larger, then its offspring will inherit this trait. The differences in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe is no longer able to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed within a population. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become common enough that it can no more be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles will drop in frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to a single allele dominance. Other alleles have been essentially eliminated and heterozygosity has diminished to a minimum. In a small group it could lead to the total elimination of recessive allele. Such a scenario would be called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of evolutionary process when a large amount of individuals migrate to form a new population.

A phenotypic bottleneck may happen when the survivors of a disaster such as an epidemic or mass hunting event, are concentrated in a limited area. The survivors will have a dominant allele and thus will share the same phenotype. This situation might be the result of a conflict, earthquake, or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, if it is left, could be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh, 에볼루션 슬롯 Lewens, and Ariew use Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any deviation from the expected values of differences in fitness. They cite a famous instance of twins who are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes, but one is struck by lightning and 에볼루션바카라 dies, while the other lives and reproduces.

This kind of drift could play a crucial role in the evolution of an organism. It is not the only method of evolution. Natural selection is the main alternative, in which mutations and migration maintain phenotypic diversity within a population.

Stephens asserts that there is a significant difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force, or a cause and treating other causes of evolution, such as selection, mutation and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us distinguish it from other forces and this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift is both an orientation, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined based on the size of the population.

Evolution through Lamarckism

When students in high school take biology classes, they are frequently introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is generally referred to as "Lamarckism" and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms via the inheritance of traits that result from an organism's natural activities usage, use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by the image of a giraffe that extends its neck longer to reach higher up in the trees. This could cause giraffes' longer necks to be passed to their offspring, who would then become taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on 17 May 1802, he introduced a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material through a series gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this might be the case but he is widely seen as being the one who gave the subject its first broad and comprehensive treatment.

The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism were competing in the 19th Century. Darwinism ultimately won, leading to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory denies that acquired characteristics can be passed down through generations and instead argues that organisms evolve through the influence of environment factors, including Natural Selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries endorsed the idea that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this concept was never a key element of any of their theories about evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically validated.

But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics there is a huge body of evidence supporting the heritability of acquired traits. This is also known as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is just as valid as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution by adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle to survive. This is a false assumption and ignores other forces driving evolution. The struggle for survival is more accurately described as a struggle to survive within a specific environment, which can be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but also the physical environment.

To understand how evolution works it is important to consider what adaptation is. Adaptation refers to any particular characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physiological feature, such as fur or feathers, or a behavioral trait, such as moving to the shade during hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid cold.

The capacity of an organism to extract energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms as well as their physical environment, is crucial to its survival. The organism should possess the right genes for producing offspring and to be able to access sufficient food and resources. Moreover, the organism must be capable of reproducing at an optimal rate within its environmental niche.

These factors, in conjunction with mutations and gene flow can cause a shift in the proportion of different alleles in the population's gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies could result in the development of new traits and ultimately new species.

Many of the features that we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, such as lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to protect themselves and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage for hiding. To comprehend adaptation it is essential to differentiate between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physical characteristics like the thick fur and gills are physical traits. Behavior adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or to retreat into the shade during hot weather. In addition it is important to remember that lack of planning does not mean that something is an adaptation. In fact, failure to consider the consequences of a choice can render it unadaptive, 에볼루션 블랙잭 despite the fact that it appears to be logical or even necessary.